Recently, attention is gradually paid to Li metal batteries for low-temperature operation, where the explorations on high-performance low-temperature electrolytes emerge as a hot topic. In this review, the progress of low-temperature Li metal batteries is systematically summarized.
Challenges and limitations of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures are introduced. Feasible solutions for low-temperature kinetics have been introduced. Battery management of low-temperature lithium-ion batteries is discussed.
Most importantly, the future development prospects of low-temperature Li metal batteries are proposed from sustainable perspectives. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abstract The emergence and development of lithium (Li) metal batteries shed light on satisfying the human desire for high-energy density beyond 400 Wh kg−1.
In general, a systematic review of low-temperature LIBs is conducted in order to provide references for future research. 1. Introduction Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been the workhorse of power supplies for consumer products with the advantages of high energy density, high power density and long service life .
In general, a systematic review of low-temperature LIBs is conducted in order to provide references for future research. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been the workhorse of power supplies for consumer products with the advantages of high energy density, high power density and long service life .
Smart, M.C., Ratnakumar, B.V., Surampudi, S., et al.: Irreversible capacities of graphite in low-temperature electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Electrochem.