The lead-acid battery mainly uses two types of charging methods namely the constant voltage charging and constant current charging. It is the most common method of charging the lead acid battery. It reduces the charging time and increases the capacity up to 20%. But this method reduces the efficiency by approximately 10%.
Under the right temperature and with sufficient charge current, lead acid provides high charge efficiently. The exception is charging at 40°C (104°F) and low current, as Figure 4 demonstrates. In respect of high efficiency, lead acid shares this fine attribute with Li-ion that is closer to 99%.
Temperature Control: Ideally, lead-acid batteries should be charged at temperatures below 80°F (27°C). Charging at high temperatures can lead to thermal runaway, where the battery overheats and becomes damaged. If your battery becomes hot to the touch during charging, stop the process immediately and allow it to cool. 4. Avoiding Overcharging
When designing a charger, attention must be given to charging speed and charging time to extend the battery life. The charging velocity indicates the charge time. The charging time determines battery health. From this point of view, the negative method of discharge of pulses is stated (Yifeng and Chengning 2011).
Lead-acid batteries come in different types, including flooded (wet), absorbed glass mat (AGM), and gel batteries. Each type has specific charging requirements regarding voltage and current levels. Flooded Lead-Acid Batteries: These are the most common type, often found in cars and industrial applications.
Typical sealed lead acid battery charge characteristics for cycle service where charging is non-continuous and peak voltage can be higher. Typical characteristics for standby service type battery charge. Here, charging is continuous and the peak charge voltage must be lower.