Low-temperature lithium batteries are crucial for EVs operating in cold regions, ensuring reliable performance and range even in freezing temperatures. These batteries power electric vehicles’ propulsion systems, heating, and auxiliary functions, facilitating sustainable transportation in chilly environments. Outdoor Electronics and Equipment
Lithium-ion batteries in a low temperature environment are characterized by a drop in discharge voltage platform, low discharge capacity, fast capacity decay, and poor rate performance. The main factors that restrict the low temperature performance of lithium ion batteries are the following:
At present, many factors affect the low temperature performance of lithium ion batteries, such as the structure of the positive electrode, the migration rate of lithium ions in various parts of the battery, the thickness and chemical composition of the SEI film, and the selection of lithium salts and solvents in the electrolyte.
Proper storage of lithium batteries is crucial for preserving their performance and extending their lifespan. When not in use, experts recommend storing lithium batteries within a temperature range of -20°C to 25°C (-4°F to 77°F). Storing batteries within this range helps maintain their capacity and minimizes self-discharge rates.
LIBs can store energy and operate well in the standard temperature range of 20–60 °C, but performance significantly degrades when the temperature drops below zero [2, 3]. The most frost-resistant batteries operate at temperatures as low as −40 °C, but their capacity decreases to about 12% .
However, commercially available lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) show significant performance degradation under low-temperature (LT) conditions. Broadening the application area of LIBs requires an improvement of their LT characteristics.