Therefore, sodium-ion (Na + ion) batteries (SIBs) have emerged as alternative energy storage system . To fabricate SIBs that meets the demand and sustainability requirements, the components of SIBs should be carefully developed to ensure remarkable performance achievement.
Sodium-ion batteries operate similarly to lithium-ion batteries, where sodium ions are intercalated and de-intercalated from the anode and cathode during the charging and discharging.
But the expense and scarcity of lithium supplies forced scientists to investigate other materials, which brought them to study sodium-ion chemistry, reflecting a pursuit for development of alternative sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).
The sodium-ion battery (Na-ion battery, NIB) is considered the most promising post-lithium energy storage technology, taking advantage of using the same manufacturing technology as Li-ion batteries (LIBs), while enabling the use of more abundant and economic, thus more sustainable, raw materials.
As one of the best substitutes for widely commercialized LIBs, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) display gorgeous application prospects. However, further improvements in SIB performance are still needed in the aspects of energy/power densities, fast-charging capability and cyclic stability. Electrode materials locate at a central position of SIBs.
Due to the wide availability and low cost of sodium resources, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as a promising alternative for next-generation large-scale EES systems.