Lithium (Li) metal is widely recognized as a highly promising negative electrode material for next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to its exceptional specific capacity (3860 mAh g −1), low electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), and low density (0.534 g cm −3).
During the initial lithiation of the negative electrode, as Li ions are incorporated into the active material, the potential of the negative electrode decreases below 1 V (vs. Li/Li +) toward the reference electrode (Li metal), approaching 0 V in the later stages of the process.
CC-BY 4.0 . The pursuit of new and better battery materials has given rise to numerous studies of the possibilities to use two-dimensional negative electrode materials, such as MXenes, in lithium-ion batteries.
The negative electrode composite was prepared by quantitatively mixing NTWO, LPSCl, and vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF) (Sigma-Aldrich, pyrolytically stripped, platelets (conical), >98% carbon basis, D × L 100 nm × 20−200 μm) in a weight ratio of 6:3:1.
Lithium (Li) metal shows promise as a negative electrode for high-energy-density batteries, but challenges like dendritic Li deposits and low Coulombic efficiency hinder its widespread large-scale adoption.
Ideally, the specific capacity of a negative electrode material should be higher than 372 mA h g –1, that is, the specific capacity of graphite, which is the most commonly used negative electrode material at present.