The solution to prevent solar panels from overcharging solar batteries is a solar controller. These in-line devices are sometimes called solar regulators. They monitor the energy level of the battery and decrease or shut off power from the solar panel. The result is the battery charges without overcharging.
A solar charge controller is a critical component in a solar power system, responsible for regulating the voltage and current coming from the solar panels to the batteries. Its primary functions are to protect the batteries from overcharging and over-discharging, ensuring their longevity and efficient operation.
These in-line devices are sometimes called solar regulators. They monitor the energy level of the battery and decrease or shut off power from the solar panel. The result is the battery charges without overcharging. We did warn you at the beginning that the answer was pretty simple, and it is.
However, when you connect the solar panel to the solar battery is overcharging because the solar panel cannot tell when the battery is approaching full saturation or fully charged. Therefore, the panel continues to send energy to the battery. Here is what happens when solar battery overcharging occurs:
The diagram below shows the working principle of the most basic solar charge and discharge controller. The system consists of a PV module, battery, controller circuit, and load. Switch 1 and Switch 2 are the charging switch and the discharging switch, respectively.
Inverter.com offers you two kinds of solar charge controllers, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controllers. In addition, the all-in-one unit - solar inverter with MPPT charge controller is also available for off-grid solar systems.