The vehicle’s internal battery pack is charged under the control of the battery management system (BMS). The majority of EV manufacturers currently use conductive charging. Fig. 14. A schematic layout of onboard and off-board EV charging systems (Rajendran et al., 2021a). 3.2.2. Wireless charging
Introduction to Battery Chargers for EV Charging systems for hybrid and electric vehicles are essential for powering the batteries of such vehicles, enabling them to operate efficiently. These systems can be divided into two main categories: off-board charging systems and on-board charging systems [1, 2] (see Figure 1). Figure 1.
An overview of different charging systems in terms of onboard and off-board chargers, AC-DC and DC-DC converter configuration, and AC and DC-based charging station architectures are evaluated.
Even if there are no restrictions imposed by law, charging points functioning in mode 3 typically permit charging up to 32 A and 250 V in single-phase AC and up to 32 A and 480 V in three-phase AC. Mode 4 (Ultra-fast Charging): The DC charging feature is only available in this charging mode.
Rapid Charging Stations: These stations provide high-power DC charging, allowing vehicles to recharge much more quickly than standard charging stations. They are ideal for long trips and are often located along highways [5, 6, 7]. Induction Charging: This technology allows an electric vehicle to be recharged wireless, using electromagnetic fields.
This section provides a brief explanation of the various EV charging configurations, including on-board and off-board, charging stations, charging standards like IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), and country-specific EV charging stations and connectors. 3.1. EV charging standards