In the pre-charge state, the pre-charge contactor and the HV negative contactor are closed as shown in Figure 2. The DC link capacitor charges to nearly the same voltage as the voltage source. After the pre-charge state, the pre-charge contactor opens and the HV positive contactor closes to drive the system or charge the battery. Since Figure 3.
High voltage (HV) positive and negative contactors are used in this system to act as an emergency disconnect when the motor regulator fails. Without a pre-charge circuit, welding can occur within the contactor as it closes and there could be a brief arc resulting in pitting. Figure 1. Pre-charge Initial State
Pre-marshalling is the repositioning of containers of the stack so that no, or few, reshuffles are needed when containers are loaded onto the ships. Lee and Hsu (2007) propose an integer programming model for a container pre-marshalling problem preventing reshuffles.
As the container batches. Concomitantly, the container became a distributio n unit leading management strategies. The shorter the tran sit time (which is not can result in significant cost reductions. The fact th at the container is also
In the chain of intercontinental transport, container terminals are of special importance since all containers pass through at least one of them during their drayage. Container terminals are the nodes where different modalities meet to transport containers.
Owing to a rapid growth in world trade and a large increase in the flow of containerized goods, sea container terminals play a vital role in globe-spanning supply chains. Container terminals should be able to handle large ships, with large call sizes within the shortest time possible, and at competitive rates.