The main components of cells of lithium-ion batteries are cathode, anode and electrolyte. Although lithium-ion batteries are employed as a crucial tool for today's miniaturized and rechargeable electronics devices, they exhibit some serious drawbacks including their high costs, low energy density and limited life cycle.
Lithium-ion cells can be manufactured to optimize energy or power density. Handheld electronics mostly use lithium polymer batteries (with a polymer gel as an electrolyte), a lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 or NMC) may offer longer life and a higher discharge rate.
Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the most attractive rechargeable batteries, which is widely used for powering electronic devices in the daily lives. Similar to the 2D nanomaterials (e.g. graphene, MoS 2, MnO), 3D architectures have been used as active electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries.
Graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials which have porous structures are widely preferred for the lithium-ion battery applications since these unique nanomaterials provide facile transport of electrons and ions in the electrode materials of the lithium-ion batteries.
The lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is the predominant commercial form of rechargeable battery, widely used in portable electronics and electrified transportation.
There are three classes of commercial cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries: (1) layered oxides, (2) spinel oxides and (3) oxoanion complexes. All of them were discovered by John Goodenough and his collaborators. LiCoO 2 was used in the first commercial lithium-ion battery made by Sony in 1991.