The recycling of retired power batteries, a core energy supply component of electric vehicles (EVs), is necessary for developing a sustainable EV industry. Here, we comprehensively review the current status and technical challenges of recycling lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries.
In this paper, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries were subjected to long-term (i.e., 27–43 months) calendar aging under consideration of three stress factors (i.e., time, temperature and state-of-charge (SOC) level) impact.
Lithium iron phosphate batteries officially surpassed ternary batteries in 2021 with 52% of installed capacity. Analysts estimate that its market share will exceed 60% in 2024.
As the lithium-ion batteries are continuously booming in the market of electric vehicles (EVs), the amount of end-of-life lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries is dramatically increasing. Recycling the progressively expanding spent LFP batteries has become an urgent issue.
During the long charging/discharging process, the irreversible loss of active lithium inside the LFP battery leads to the degradation of the battery's performance. Researchers have developed several methods to achieve cathode material recovery from spent LFP batteries, such as hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and direct regeneration.
The degradation of LFP batteries makes it a great influence on the service life and safety of batteries [, , ]. To achieve the goal of reducing capacity degradation, it is crucial to explore the failure mechanism of LFP batteries .