Overall, battery technologies associated with nickel, cobalt, and manganese exhibit the most significant environmental factor in terms of particulate pollution. Sodium-ion and solid-state battery technologies require particular attention due to their CO 2 emissions.
The environmental impact of battery emerging contaminants has not yet been thoroughly explored by research. Parallel to the challenging regulatory landscape of battery recycling, the lack of adequate nanomaterial risk assessment has impaired the regulation of their inclusion at a product level.
Battery mineral production causes impacts on the environment and human health, which may increase the probability of supply restrictions imposed by exporting countries. As the largest battery producer, assessing the environmental impacts of China's battery-related minerals and technologies is crucial.
Assessing the environmental impacts of battery materials and technologies. Damage to human health exceeds ecosystem damage for all elements. One primary element contributes to the environmental impacts of battery technologies. Environmental impact is significantly lower than both supply risk and vulnerability.
Environmental impact of battery nanomaterials The environmental impact of nano-scale materials is assessed in terms of their direct ecotoxicological consequences and their synergistic effect towards bioavailability of other pollutants . As previously pointed out, nanomaterials can induce ROS formation, under abiotic and biotic conditions.
Nevertheless, the leakage of emerging materials used in battery manufacture is still not thoroughly studied, and the elucidation of pollutive effects in environmental elements such as soil, groundwater, and atmosphere are an ongoing topic of interest for research.