Future research must examine the potential for utilizing other variable RE sources, such as geothermal, oceanic, or tidal energy. Geolocation-specific RE sources can also be explored; for instance, integrating tidal energy with the wind in coastal regions may be more advantageous for EV charging.
A battery charger has three primary functions: initiate charging, rate optimization, and charge termination. Simply speaking, the charging process measures the voltage across the battery, then initiates the charging process until a specific voltage is reached, after which the charging process is terminated .
In this respect, the BMS must provide cell balancing capabilities, which is the idea behind intelligent charging. Since the internal impedance of each battery is not exactly identical, series-connected batteries must be balanced while charging in order to preserve their capacity [140 - 142].
For instance, Austin Energy, a US-based utility company, has created a charging program called Plug-in Everywhere Network that enables EV users to source 100% energy from renewable sources like wind energy.
The expanding use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and other industries has accelerated the need for new efficient charging strategies to enhance the speed and reliability of the charging process without decaying battery performance indices.
Geolocation-specific RE sources can also be explored; for instance, integrating tidal energy with the wind in coastal regions may be more advantageous for EV charging. Similarly, charging with geothermal energy in a location with high energy concentration can be another scope.