For a comprehensive evaluation of recycling routes for lithium-ion battery recycling, we provide a clear definition of the terms “full recycling route”, “direct physical route”, “pyro-metallurgical route”, “hydro-metallurgical route”, “recycling efficiency” and “material recovery efficiency”.
The battery state of health and the remaining capacity can also be determined prior to disassembling. By employing this technique, recycling can be optimized, and the overall efficiency improved. Pyrometallurgy is a great industrial technique of recycling lithium-ion battery.
Recently, direct recovery for spent LIBs makes the close-loop circulation of electrode materials due to the direct use of degraded active materials as raw materials to produce fresh active materials. Thus its underlying sustainability of using less chemical agents and energy cost has increasingly acttracted attentions from battery community.
Electrochemical methods have become an option for recycling LIBs because batteries contain suitable amounts of electrolytes. Electrochemical junction transfer has been employed in which Li+ ions are selectively extracted from battery leachates by a porous material coated with an active intercalation LiMn 2 O 4 matrix.
The current change in battery technology followed by the almost immediate adoption of lithium as a key resource powering our energy needs in various applications is undeniable. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are at the forefront of the industry and offer excellent performance. The application of LIBs is expected to continue to increase.
Thus, we recommend for all future studies on lithium-ion battery recycling that our structure with a clear identification of the systems boundary is used. The need to create clarity is important, as we can expect the number of combinations to increase even further in order to produce products with high yields and purity.