Capacitors exhibit exceptional power density, a vast operational temperature range, remarkable reliability, lightweight construction, and high efficiency, making them extensively utilized in the realm of energy storage. There exist two primary categories of energy storage capacitors: dielectric capacitors and supercapacitors.
Therefore, the adaptive control is very suitable for the energy management optimization of the hybrid energy storage system with a variety of working mode switches. Online adaptive power allocation strategies are usually based on the optimization-based method, such as dynamic programming [ 108] and model predictive control [ 104 ].
More importantly, due to the poor performance of lithium-ion batteries at low temperature, the characteristics of high specific power and good low-temperature performance of ultra-capacitor can be used for large current discharge to extend the service life of the hybrid energy storage system.
The introduction of battery-type materials into the positive electrode enhances the energy density of the system, but it comes with a tradeoff in the power density and cycle life of the device. Most of the energy in this system is provided by the battery materials, making it, strictly speaking, a battery-type capacitor.
Capacitors possess higher charging/discharging rates and faster response times compared with other energy storage technologies, effectively addressing issues related to discontinuous and uncontrollable renewable energy sources like wind and solar .
In comparison to batteries, supercapacitors exhibit a superior power density and the ability to rapidly store or discharge energy . Nevertheless, their energy density is lower due to the constraints associated with electrode surface charge storage.