Figure 18 shows that the total heat release is approximately doubled by taking into account the movements of the flame, and so without the correction method developed in this paper, using imaging for heat release estimation very much underestimates the total heat released from the battery fire.
By analyzing the smoke gas emission, this work has shown that 100 % charged cylindrical lithium-ion batteries release a likely smoke gas quantity of up to 27 mmol Wh −1 during the thermal runaway (see Fig. 5 ). Individual, unverifiable measurements even yield values of up to 48 mmol Wh −1.
Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 2018, 7, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Wang, Q.; Ping, P.; Zhao, X.; Chu, G.; Sun, J.; Chen, C. Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery.
In addition to the gases, the large amount of heat released during the TR process is also a threat that cannot be ignored. The accumulation of heat leads to a rise in battery temperature, which, in turn, triggers more exothermic reactions, further increasing the release of heat and causing TR to become more and more severe.
Quantitative information on the total heat release in the range of 2.0–112.0 kJ Wh−1, the peak heat release rate in the range of 0.006–2.8 kW Wh−1 and the smoke gas emission were extracted, normalized in terms of cell energy (Wh), combined in a data library and compared graphically.
So far, there are a very limited number of full-scale EV fire tests because of the high cost and the restriction of trade secrets. Nevertheless, existing test results have revealed that the heat release rate of HF from burning Li-ion batteries. The tested peak heat release rate (PHHR in kW) varies with the energy . battery pack inside.