The seven challenges faced by the Battery Industry are as follows: In 2001, the US Advanced battery consortium set a goal of $125 per kilowatt hour for a battery pack system by the year 2020 for electric cars to be competitive. In 2010, the Nissan Leaf battery pack was sold at a price of $18,000 .
Section 5 discusses the major challenges facing Li-ion batteries: (1) temperature-induced aging and thermal management; (2) operational hazards (overcharging, swelling, thermal runaway, and dendrite formation); (3) handling and safety; (4) economics, and (5) recycling battery materials.
The technical challenges and difficulties of the lithium-ion battery management are primarily in three aspects. Firstly, the electro-thermal behavior of lithium-ion batteries is complex, and the behavior of the system is highly non-linear, which makes it difficult to model the system.
However, there are several challenges associated with the use of primary batteries. These include single use, costly materials, and environmental concerns. For instance, single use primary batteries generate large quantities of unrecyclable waste materials and toxic materials.
There are various faults in a battery system due to objective factors such as inherent defects caused by the battery manufacturing process, harsh environment and improper use, which pose a huge challenge to the safety of the battery system .
However, the daily operation of batteries also contributes to such emission, which is largely disregarded by both the vendor as well as the public. Besides, recycling and recovering the degraded batteries have proved to be difficult, mostly due to logistical issues, lack of supporting policies, and low ROI.