In this paper, the governing equations of lead-acid battery including conservation of charge in solid and liquid phases and conservation of species are solved simultaneously during discharge, rest and charge processes using an efficient reduced order model based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD).
Numerical implementation of lead-acid battery model is presented in detail: In this research study, the numerical difficulties in the solution of lead-acid battery equations including satisfaction of compatibility condition and existence of unique solution are precisely described both mathematically and graphically.
Gu et al. introduced a model with an integrated formulation for battery dynamics to predict transient behaviors of lead-acid batteries. Esfahanian and Torabi applied the Keller-Box method to the coupled one-dimensional electrochemical transport equations in order to simulate lead-acid batteries.
Due to the nature of the charge-discharge characteristics of batteries there is a large variation of voltage at the battery terminals in a complete charge discharge period.
In the present study, which is an extension of our earlier investigation , the POD-based ROM is used to simulate the dynamic behavior of a lead-acid battery not only during discharge but also during a cycle of discharge, rest and charge processes.
Here, we describe the application of Incremental Capacity Analysis and Differential Voltage techniques, which are used frequently in the field of lithium-ion batteries, to lead-acid battery chemistries for the first time.