In this paper, Distributed Generators (DGs) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are used simultaneously to improve the reliability of distribution networks.
Energy storage systems For distribution networks, an ESS converts electrical energy from a power network, via an external interface, into a form that can be stored and converted back to electrical energy when needed , , .
The deployment of energy storage systems (ESSs) is a significant avenue for maximising the energy efficiency of a distribution network, and overall network performance can be enhanced by their optimal placement, sizing, and operation.
By using these concepts, intelligent charging and discharging protocols are developed in that framework to save ESS energy and lifetime. However, this framework is only developed for micro-grids by considering the distance to a placed ESS as a controlling factor and not extended to distribution grids.
The deployment of batteries in the distribution networks can provide an array of flexibility services to integrate renewable energy sources (RES) and improve grid operation in general.
In general, ESSs can be used at different voltage levels in power plant distribution systems . The various advantages of distributed generation units include reducing losses, improving voltage profile, increasing power quality, improving reliability, freeing up the capacity of lines and transformers , , , .