In all mobile applications of battery systems, including marine, aviation and road vehicles, thermal management of battery cells is an important factor in vehicle design. The battery thermal management system maintains the battery temperature within the desired operating range. There has been much research on battery thermal management systems.
The main steps in battery thermal management system design follow: Identification of objectives and constraints in design of the battery thermal management system (e.g., dimensions, geometry, orientation, number, heat transfer medium, maximum pressure drop, need for ventilation, and cost).
Fig. 5.1 briefly describes illustratively the thermal behavior of a battery system. Heat generation in a battery is seen to originate from four sources: (i) intercalation and deintercalation of active ions (i.e., entropic heating), (ii) heat of phase change, (iii) overpotentials, and (iv) heat release due to mixing.
Experimental studies evaluate electrical and thermal characteristics of battery cells . There are mainly two ways in which the issue of temperature even reaches the batteries. One is during charging and discharging, which is the primary cause of heat generation [7, 8].
A Battery Thermal Management System, or BTMS, helps to maintain a battery pack at its optimal temperature range of 20 o to 45 o C regardless of ambient temperature. For each vehicle design, the required performance and cycle life of the battery pack will be considered to determine the specific set point for the battery pack temperature.
On the contrary, if the temperatures are too cold, they slow the shuttling of Li-ions between electrodes. Batteries demand a temperature range of 20–40 °C to maximize their functional lifetime. Experimental studies evaluate electrical and thermal characteristics of battery cells .