The Al–air battery has proven to be very attractive as an efficient and sustainable technology for energy storage and conversion with the capability to power large electronic devices and vehicles. This review has summarized recent developments of Al anode, air cathode, and electrolytes in Al–air batteries.
Here, aluminum–air batteries are considered to be promising for next-generation energy storage applications due to a high theoretical energy density of 8.1 kWh kg −1 that is significantly larger than that of the current lithium-ion batteries.
As pure aluminum is unstable when used as an anode for Al–air batteries, the most common method to prolonging the battery operation time and decreasing the corrosion rate is through the use of Al alloys. A considerable number of alloying elements such as Ga, Tl, In, Sn, Zn, Bi, Mn and Mg have been adopted.
A microfluidic aluminum-air battery with paper separator was introduced by Shen et al. [ 36 ]. The battery can produce an energy density of 2900 Wh.kg −1 while maintaining a specific capacity of 2750 Ah.kg −1. However, most of the aluminum-air batteries with solid electrolyte still suffer from low performance.
Naturally, pure aluminum has been chosen as an anodic material for Al–air batteries in virtue of its excellent electrochemical properties. Thermodynamically, a pure aluminum anode exhibits a potential of −1.66 V (vs. Hg/HgO) in saline and −2.35 V (vs. Hg/HgO) in aqueous solution.
They allied to defend different interests: Cabo Verde received considerable support from China in the struggle for independence. China, in turn, needed allies because, at this stage, one of its priorities would be to cultivate greater possible support to consolidate its international recognition.