Classification of different energy storage systems. The generation of world electricity is mainly depending on mechanical storage systems (MSSs). Three types of MSSs exist, namely, flywheel energy storage (FES), pumped hydro storage (PHS) and compressed air energy storage (CAES).
Since the electric motor functions as the propulsion motor or generator, it is possible to achieve greater flexibility and performance of the system. It needs more advanced energy management strategies to enhance the energy efficiency of the system.
The electric motor and ICE are usually combined via two clutches and transmission to the wheels drive shaft. Using this powertrain architecture, either the ICE only or the electric motor alone or both propulsion systems can offer the propulsion power. This powertrain architecture is inherent in an ICE vehicle concept that is electrically assisted.
Continuous efforts to preserve the environment and to reduce gaseous emissions due to the massive growth of urban economic development and heightened concerns over crude oil depletion have accelerated researchers to find long-term solutions, particularly in the transportation sector with the focus on powertrain electrification.
The potential of switched reluctance motors (SRMs) for EV applications is considerable. 26, 27 SRMs basically have two modes of operation. 28 If the velocity is lower than the baseline velocity the current may be limited by chopping, known as the current chopping control (CCC).
The performance of EVs and optimal energy managers can be achieved by optimizing capacitor and ESS cell balancing techniques. In addition, the cell balancing in the SC stack 83, 84 can also maintain a strategic distance from supercapacitor overloading and overloading.