It is noted that China in lithium battery exports to South Africa and Tunisia is the undisputed leading economy, followed by Japan. However, in the case of exports from South Africa and Tunisia, there is not a great recipient country, because they differ in the application components analyzed.
Our findings show a low level of international trade in African countries within the GVCLB, except in Tunisia and South Africa, which depend heavily on imports of lithium batteries in relation to the world, especially from China and Japan.
Libya, Chad, South Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Uganda, Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Eritrea import lithium primary batteries and lithium secondary batteries mainly for the most affluent class.
Meanwhile, Singapore is the leader in lithium primary batteries, and South Korea is in lithium secondary batteries (Moreno-Brieva and Marín 2019). In this section, as indicated in Fig. 1, according to the objective of the study, the methodology that has been applied is presented. Methodological summary. Own elaboration
While Tunisia, in the case of lithium primary batteries, has diversified imports from several Asian economies to re-export them to France, although in the case of secondary lithium batteries, almost all imports depend on China and are used by the domestic market.
Two main approaches have been proposed to overcome the LT limitations of LIBs: coupling the battery with a heating element to avoid exposure of its active components to the low temperature and modifying the inner battery components. Heating the battery externally causes a temperature gradient in the direction of its thickness.