Among them, incremental capacity (DV-IC) analysis can be used to assess the health and performance of a battery 72. Additionally, EIS can be used to measure a battery’s ohmic resistance, charge transfer resistance, diffusion, electrode degradation and state of health 73.
To quantify battery degradation, electrochemical tests are typically conducted, including open circuit voltage, internal resistance and capacity measurements. Among them, incremental capacity (DV-IC) analysis can be used to assess the health and performance of a battery 72.
Batteries involve dynamic electrochemical and chemical reactions, and electronic and ionic conductivity limitations. Furthermore, the presence of electrode–electrolyte interface instability, lithium plating, cathode and anode degradation, and electrolyte decomposition has a considerable effect on battery performance.
However, most of these techniques require the disassembly (or ‘teardown’) of the cell for post-mortem characterization. Therefore, a predictive understanding of battery behaviour is missing owing to the lack of real-time information, potential sample alteration and inability to capture global and transient phenomena.
Battery pack and module are disassembled, screened and sorted depending on their remining performances. Performances are evaluated using properties (surrounded by dotted line).
The acquisition of realistic experimental data during battery operation has the potential to drive the development of precise machine learning and deep learning algorithms, further empowered by hardware advancements such as significant GPU improvements, enabling accurate predictions of battery degradation and remaining lifespan.