Lithium (Li) metal is widely recognized as a highly promising negative electrode material for next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to its exceptional specific capacity (3860 mAh g −1), low electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), and low density (0.534 g cm −3).
They are also grateful to all of the anonymous reviewers for providing useful comments and suggestions that resulted in the improved quality of this paper. Electrode material aging leads to a decrease in capacity and/or a rise in resistance of the whole cell and thus can dramatically affect the performance of lithium-ion batteries.
The mainstream LIBs with graphite negative electrode (NE) are particularly vulnerable to lithium plating due to the low NE potential, especially under fast charging conditions. Real-time monitoring of the NE potential is a significant step towards preventing lithium plating and prolonging battery life.
Analyzes electrode degradation with non-destructive methods and post-mortem analysis. The aging mechanisms of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide (NMC)/Graphite lithium-ion batteries are divided into stages from the beginning-of-life (BOL) to the end-of-life (EOL) of the battery.
SEI growth is the primary aging mechanism in part 1, while lithium plating is the primary aging mechanism in part 2. Battery aging is inhomogeneous for 18,650-type cylindrical LIBs cycled at high temperatures.
Local lithium plating significantly affects battery safety and cycle life. This study investigated the aging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cycled at low temperatures after high-temperature and local lithium plating evolution. Nondestructive and destructive methods were employed to study battery degradation and electrode changes.