The successful implementation of a hydrogen economy requires advancements in hydrogen production, transportation (and/or distribution), utilization, and storage technologies, as well as the establishment of supportive policies and infrastructure to enable widespread adoption . Table 1.
Hydrogen transportation refers to the movement of hydrogen from production sites to end-use locations, where it can be employed as a clean energy source. Often, natural gas concepts, in terms of transportation and storage are usually cited as a basis for hydrogen gas in the open literature .
For example, it allows for large-scale delivery of hydrogen, making it suitable for meeting the demands of industrial, commercial, and residential users. It provides a continuous and reliable supply of hydrogen, eliminating the need for frequent transportation and storage logistics.
Key advances in hydrogen utilization and transportation techniques were elucidated. Hydrogen storage on materials and in subsurface were extensively analyzed. Indubitably, hydrogen demonstrates sterling properties as an energy carrier and is widely anticipated as the future resource for fuels and chemicals.
In conclusion, surface hydrogen storage technology covers a variety of physical and material-based methods for storing hydrogen. These techniques play a crucial role in enabling the widespread adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier.
In this method, hydrogen gas is compressed and stored in high-pressure cylinders constructed from durable materials like steel or composites, capable of withstanding pressures typically ranging from 200 to 700 bars [18, 144].