Niobium-based anode material performs better at the production and energy delivery. Niobium-based material energy delivery is 20% more efficient than lithium titanate. Niobium could partly replace lithium and graphite in lithium-ion battery anodes. Electric mobility has proven to be essential for the carbon neutrality of the transport sector.
Lithium titanate as anode material for lithium-ion cells: a review Ionics (Kiel), 20 ( 2014), pp. 601 - 620, 10.1007/s11581-014-1113-4 M. Ghiji, V. Novozhilov, K. Moinuddin, P. Joseph, I. Burch, B. Suendermann, et al.
Due to the current low technology readiness level of LTOs, sparse data is available with respect to their environmental impacts. Despite this, it has been shown that lithium iron phosphate utilised in LTOs provides a low contribution to the impact of other lithium based battery technologies [ 40 ].
Consequently, different lithium batteries, especially primary lithium batteries, and rechargeable LIBs have been recognized as the preferred battery for paving the way for the next face of electrical supply technology (Ozawa 1994; Zeng et al. 2014).
Although, as shown in Table 1, the price of a repurposed LTO battery is the highest of the four technologies, the high cycle life of the LTO battery technology results in fewer battery replacements over the 15-year period that was assessed, therefore leading to a lower environmental impact overall.
In summary, the integration of green chemistry principles in the manufacturing and mitigation of lithium batteries is a crucial step toward achieving sustainability in the energy storage industry.