Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been skyrocketing the field of photovoltaics (PVs), displaying remarkable efficiencies and emerging as a greener alternative to the current commercial technologies.
Currently, the record efficiency in perovskite tandem cells is held by monolithic perovskite/Si solar cells, with a champion 32.5% efficiency achieved by the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) in 2022.
It should be emphasized that inorganic and perovskite solar cells exhibited such a high FF with active layer thicknesses of more than 500 nm, which is in sharp contrast to OSCs, wherein an active layer thickness of approximately 100 nm is required to maintain a high FF.
Within less than half a decade of rigorous research and development in perovskite solar cells, the efficiency is boosted upto 22%. Aforesaid high PCE is accredited to high optical absorption properties, balanced charge transport properties, and longer diffusion lengths of carriers.
Unlike the conventional 3D perovskites that have been extensively probed in photovoltaics, comparatively less research is focussed in the field of multidimensional perovskites. Smith et al. revealed for the first time the multidimensional perovskites for solar cell applications [ 128 ].
The first generation solar cells (SCs) are built on silicon crystal, a predominant semiconductor for the photovoltaic technology. Crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the crystalline semblance of silicon and exists in two forms either single crystal or multiple crystal consisting of small crystals.