The key challenge for rechargeable Ca batteries originates from the severe passivation of the calcium metal anode in electrolyte solutions. Here, the authors demonstrate the feasibility and elucidate the electrochemical properties of calcium-tin (Ca–Sn) alloy anodes for rechargeable Ca batteries.
Rechargeable calcium (Ca) metal batteries are among the most promising candidates because of their advantageous features, such as high crustal abundance, high theoretical capacity, and ideal redox potential 5, 6, 7.
Current calcium metal batteries and future trends from voltage-capacity-efficiency's view, in which the redox potentials for cathodes and Ca-metals, as well as some reference electrodes frequently involved in the research of calcium batteries, are calibrated to versus SHE.
Akto Kebang Manganese Manufacturing Co., Ltd. plans to build a 30ktpa battery grade manganese tetroxide project in Akto, Xinjiang, according to the company's announcement on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
As the largest battery producer, assessing the environmental impacts of China's battery-related minerals and technologies is crucial. However, studies that address the integrated issues of supply risks, vulnerability, and environmental impacts are relatively scarce for China.
The project, with a planned annual production capacity of 30,000t of battery grade manganese tetroxide, would adopt processes including crushing, synthetic aging, filter press washing, drying and packaging. Other associated facilities such as production plant, water treatment workshop, finished products warehouse will also be built.