This paper proposes a model of solar-powered charging stations for electric vehicles to mitigate problems encountered in China's renewable energy utilization processes and to cope with the increasing power demand by electric vehicles for the near future.
Using power electronics technology solar-or wind-based vehicle charging stations can reduce the burden on the electricity grid and maximize the utility of EV energy storage by preserving intermittent energy [5, 6].
A comprehensive assessment of the community photovoltaic-energy storage-integrated charging station. The adoption intention can be clearly understood through diffusion of innovations theory. This infrastructure can bring substantial economic and environmental benefits in urban residential areas.
One of the most promising solutions is to use large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) to meet fast EV charging demand. The capital and operational costs of BESS have been significantly reduced in the last decade due to technology advancement and economies of scale.
The application of energy storage technology in power system can postpone the upgrade of transmission and distribution systems, relieve the transmission line congestion, and solve the issues of power system security, stability and reliability.
Considering that the maximum load of the distribution network is 12.37 MW [ 29 ], the maximum power of the charging station at a node is set to 1.5 MW [ 29 ]. Therefore, the environment to test the RL algorithm can be described as in Fig. 8 and Equations (16), (17), (18).