Fourth, owing to large investments in battery production infrastructure, research and development, the resulting technology improvements and techno-economic effects promise a reduction in energy consumption per produced cell energy by two-thirds until 2040, compared with the present technology and know-how level.
In relative terms, the urban commuter experiences the biggest increase in emissions when doubling the battery size (20%). This is due to the more frequent and shorter trips of this user type, which requires more frequent cooling or heating of the cabin and battery and thereby increases the energy consumption of the thermal management system.
The degradation or lifetime of a BEV's battery can be impacted by various end-user factors such as working (ambient) temperature, frequencies of battery charging-discharging, and powertrain energy consumption control modules .
For technology-related battery utilization changes, we aim to measure the maximum proportion of battery energy that is available or unavailable for driving. However, in real-world operation, it is practically impossible to deplete all battery energy of EVs, and EVs are usually charged or discharged irregularly.
A comprehensive understanding of real-world battery performance and end-use behavior factors such as charging power, ambient temperature, and driver patterns is crucial for accurately estimating battery lifetime and avoiding potential misconduct on battery uses.
In fact, a study by Neto et al. (2021) confirmed that consumer behaviour primarily contributes to the depletion of their smartphone battery. However, little research has been conducted on consumer behaviour and, in particular, whether users adopt eco-friendly practices and usage tips to conserve the battery.