While energy management systems support grid integration by balancing power supply with demand, they are usually either predictive or real-time and therefore unable to utilise the full array of supply and demand responses, limiting grid integration of renewable energy sources. This limitation is overcome by an integrated energy management system.
System description The system under study comprises of an alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE), a battery energy storage system (BESS), and solar PV and wind installations for renewable power generation.
Another scenario is an off-grid system, constituted of PV–Wind–Hydro energy with a storage system. Solar technology and wind power are naturally intermittent due to depending on the weather conditions. However, as hydroelectricity is controllable, this increases the level of reliability and stability of this configuration.
This section presents an off-grid system composed of Biomass–Wind–PV sources. Biomass is an energy source that has become very popular especially in remote areas . The combination of these three technologies with storage system is robust in terms of high power output.
Green hydrogen production systems will play an important role in the energy transition from fossil-based fuels to zero-carbon technologies. This paper investigates a concept of an off-grid alkaline water electrolyzer plant integrated with solar photovoltaic (PV), wind power, and a battery energy storage system (BESS).
Integrated energy management systems have multiple energy sources and controls. Efficient energy management involves predictive and real-time control of the system. Energy forecasting, demand and supply side management make up an integrated system. Renewable smart hybrid mini-grids suitable for integrated energy management systems.