Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is the process of converting energy from the sun into electricity using solar panels. Solar panels, also called PV panels, are combined into arrays in a PV system. PV systems can also be installed in grid-connected or off-grid (stand-alone) configurations.
Solar panels and mounting materials Solar power systems that generate electricity consist of photovoltaic (PV) panels to harness sunlight and produce electric current. Solar panels absorb sunlight with silicon semiconductors and generate electricity as direct current (DC).
Agrivoltaics is an innovative approach that enables solar energy generation and agricultural practices. Growing crops underneath solar PV panels has proven to have many benefits. The raised solar panels can shield plants from harsh weather conditions such as excessive heat, the cold and UV damage, often resulting in higher yields for farmers.7&8
As the sun can cause solar panels to become very hot, systems must be installed with a gap beneath the PV array to allow for airflow, keep operating temperatures cool, and sustain efficient electricity production.
Solar panels used in PV systems are assemblies of solar cells, typically composed of silicon and commonly mounted in a rigid flat frame. Solar panels are wired together in series to form strings, and strings of solar panels are wired in parallel to form arrays.
The basic components of these two configurations of PV systems include solar panels, combiner boxes, inverters, optimizers, and disconnects. Grid-connected PV systems also may include meters, batteries, charge controllers, and battery disconnects. There are several advantages and disadvantages to solar PV power generation (see Table 1).