The lead–acid battery is an old system, and its aging processes have been thoroughly investigated. Reviews regarding aging mechanisms, and expected service life, are found in the monographs by Bode and Berndt , and elsewhere , . The present paper is an up-date, summarizing the present understanding.
The anodic corrosion, positive active mass degradation and loss of adherence to the grid, irreversible formation of lead sulfate in the active mass, short circuits and loss of water are the major aging processes. The overcharge of the battery lead to accelerated corrosion and also to accelerated loss of water.
To analyze the aging mechanism of the batteries without invalidation, the seventh group was stored at 45 °C to analyze the decay mechanism by dV/dQ, and the 7th group cross-test process was that 1 C charge to 3.65V with a 0.04C CV phase following a 0.04 C discharge to 2.8V. 2.3. Analysis techniques
The aging tests under real operating conditions are expensive and time intensive, accelerated aging tests need to be exploited to acquire the capabilities of cells quickly [8, 9]. The capacity fading condition of Li ion batteries fall mainly into three broad categories: storage, cycle and mixed calendar/cycling mode.
Thermal events in lead-acid batteries during their operation play an important role; they affect not only the reaction rate of ongoing electrochemical reactions, but also the rate of discharge and self-discharge, length of service life and, in critical cases, can even cause a fatal failure of the battery, known as “thermal runaway.”
Heat issues, in particular, the temperature increase in a lead-acid battery during its charging has been undoubtedly a concern ever since this technology became used in practice, in particular in the automobile industry.