Lithium (Li) metal is widely recognized as a highly promising negative electrode material for next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to its exceptional specific capacity (3860 mAh g −1), low electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), and low density (0.534 g cm −3).
Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that in the lithium-deficient scenario, the rapid consumption of active lithium metal in the negative electrode leads to the delithiation of Li 2 O to supplement lithium ions and maintain battery cycling 66.
During the initial lithiation of the negative electrode, as Li ions are incorporated into the active material, the potential of the negative electrode decreases below 1 V (vs. Li/Li +) toward the reference electrode (Li metal), approaching 0 V in the later stages of the process.
This results in a lithium metal negative electrode, used in both laboratory or industry scenarios, typically with a thickness of several tens to even hundreds of micrometers, which not only leads to the wastage of this costly metal resource but also significantly compromises the energy density of SSLMBs 10.
Lithium (Li) metal shows promise as a negative electrode for high-energy-density batteries, but challenges like dendritic Li deposits and low Coulombic efficiency hinder its widespread large-scale adoption.
Typical lithium-ion batteries have carbon-based negative electrodes, but Toshiba recognized that LTO, an oxide-based negative electrode, offered excellent characteristics in six crucial areas: safety, long life, rapid charging, high input and output, low-temperature performance, and a wide effective state of charge.