However, these carbon-based materials have weak sodium-embedded capability, thus hindering the development of sodium-ion batteries. Nanosizing carbon anode of sodium ion batteries is already a very common and necessary process at present .
Sodium-ion batteries are an emerging battery technology with promising cost, safety, sustainability and performance advantages over current commercialised lithium-ion batteries. Key advantages include the use of widely available and inexpensive raw materials and a rapidly scalable technology based around existing lithium-ion production methods.
At present, the industrialization of sodium ion battery has started at home and abroad. Sodium ion batteries have already had the market conditions and technical conditions for large-scale industrialization. This paper summarizes the structure of sodium ion batteries, materials, battery assembly and processing, and cost evaluation.
After years of industrial exploration, currently there are three viable routes for mass production of positive electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries: layered metal oxides, polyanionic compounds, and Prussian blue analogues .
The first step in construction of a sodium-ion battery generally consists of mixing powders into solvent, which applies to both electrode and electrolyte fabrication.
The principle of operation of sodium ion battery is similar to that of lithium ion battery, which is of "rocking chair" type . When charging, sodium ions are removed from the cathode material and embedded in the anode material through the electrolyte.