However, the commercialization of lithium–sulfur batteries is difficult because of critical issues involving the dissolution of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) and growth of lithium dendrites on the lithium anode surface during the charge and discharge processes.
Therefore, new production technologies will be necessary in comparison to the conventional production of lithium-ion cells [183, 184]. High power density, high energy density, safety, low cost, and long life time are all essential characteristics of ASSBs, particularly when applied to electric vehicle applications .
However, there are still key obstacles that must be overcome in order to further improve the production technology of LIBs, such as reducing production energy consumption and the cost of raw materials, improving energy density, and increasing the lifespan of batteries .
Learn more. The currently commercialized lithium-ion batteries have allowed for the creation of practical electric vehicles, simultaneously satisfying many stringent milestones in energy density, lifetime, safety, power, and cost requirements of the electric vehicle economy. The next wave of consumer electric vehicles is just around the corner.
To address the high demand for electrochemical energy storage, especially for lightweight devices, Lithium rechargeable batteries were introduced and commercialized for a long period . Nowadays, Lithium-ion battery (LIB) (Fig. 5a) is still the best energy source and dominates the worldwide market . ... ...
One of the most important considerations affecting the production technology of LIBs is the availability and cost of raw materials. Lithium, cobalt, and nickel are essential components of LIBs, but their availability and cost can significantly impact the overall cost of battery production [16, 17].