Energy storage technologies in EV charging stations, particularly fast and ultra-fast charging stations, support stable operation, and improve customer satisfaction. In order to define their contribution level in terms of energy supply for EV-charging, ESS sizing is critical in charging station infrastructure.
Energy management: The energy management system in charging stations with renewable sources makes full use of solar energy; thus, the operating cost is reduced, resulting in maximum benefit. DC link interfacing: EV-charging depends on storage devices; effectively connected DC energy storages provide better efficiency.
The charging infrastructure requirements are highly dependent on EV battery sizes and power rates, both of which are expected to rise in the future. Development of fast-charging, ultra-fast charging, and battery swapping stations are being developed to reduce EV-charging time.
EVs are not only a road vehicle but also a new technology of electric equipment for our society, thus providing clean and efficient road transportation. The system architecture of EV includes mechanical structure, electrical and electronic transmission which supplies energy and information system to control the vehicle.
The optimal development of charging infrastructure necessitates careful planning in terms of charging station location and size. A large charging station can accommodate a greater number of chargers to accommodate more EVs; nevertheless, it will also require more electrical energy and construction costs.
The EV charging station follows three voltage levels; the corresponding power rating is shown in Table 3. Levels 1 and 2 mostly defines on-board charging and level 3 defines off-board charging, most of the microgrid-based level 3 charging employed in the public sector.