Therefore, scheme 3 (coordinated planning of energy storage and transformer capacity) has the best effect. 5.3.2. Economic benefit analysis of DES economic dispatching model
Moreover, the effectiveness of photovoltaic generation units, shunt capacitor banks and battery energy storage systems, installed at the secondary voltage side, for distribution transformers' lifetime preserving were analyzed and discussed.
Separate primary and secondary windings facili-tate high voltage input/output isolation, especially important for safety in off-line applications. Ideally, a transformer stores no energy–all energy is transferred instantaneously from input to output. In practice, all transformers do store some undesired energy:
Transformer loss is sometimes limited directly by the need to achieve a required overall power supply efficiency. More often, transformer losses are limited by a maximum “hot spot” temperature rise at the core surface inside the center of the windings. Tempera-ture rise (°C) equals thermal resistance (°C/Watt) times power loss (Watts).
The future work will incorporate modeling and analysis of a power distribution system with transformers, using smaller time scales to better represent the processes occurring in a real power network, such as variations in load demand, solar energy generation and power quality.
For the area-constrained ZNE case, transformer constraints add 631 kW of PV (5.6% increase), 2,259 kWh of EES (12 fold increase), and 10,844 kWh of REES (inexistent beforehand).