Based on the electrochemical-thermal-mechanical coupling battery aging model, the influences of the charge/discharge rate and the cut-off voltage on the battery capacity degradation are studied in this paper, and the optimization of the charge/discharge strategy is carried out.
Further, the self-discharging behavior of different electrochemical energy storage systems, such as high-energy rechargeable batteries, high-power electrochemical capacitors, and hybrid-ion capacitors, are systematically evaluated with the support of various theoretical models developed to explain self-discharge mechanisms in these systems.
Different self-discharge mechanisms are analyzed in detail and provide prospects to address the self-discharge in energy storage systems by giving directions to the various self-discharge suppression strategies, varying from diverse device components (electrode and electrolyte materials, separators, etc.) to cell assembling and protocols.
Upon scrutinizing the self-discharge mechanisms and mitigation strategies for both rechargeable batteries and high-power devices, peripheral similarities emerge in their self-discharge mechanisms. Consequently, comparable strategies can be devised to curb self-discharge.
Electrochemical energy storage devices mainly rely on two types of processes, chemical and physical, that have been suitably-picked for applications in different time frames , , , .
It is recommended to select the discharge cut-off voltage of 3.00 V and the discharge rate of 1C as the discharge strategy during vehicle driving under priority of the battery range and total power output. Fig. 15. Effects of discharge rates and cut-off voltages on residual capacity and lithium plating loss of battery after 100 cycles.