Recently, researchers predicted that perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are likely to have a relatively low production cost per panel and even a low LCOE compared to single-junction (S-J) silicon solar cells [ 205, 207 ].
Materials made of perovskites are prone to deterioration when interacting with environmental effects including, light, oxygen, moisture, and heat . Over time, this deterioration may cause the solar cell's performance and efficiency to decrease, which would ultimately affect the solar cell's long-term dependability and durability .
Furthermore, the instability of perovskite materials can cause problems like hysteresis, or variations in the solar cell's output voltage, and lower PCE . In this section, we will review the several factors that affect the stability of PSCs. Moisture intrusion is a significant challenge that can lead to the degradation of PSCs.
Moreover, perovskite materials have shown potential for solar-active electrode applications for integrating solar cells and batteries into a single device. However, there are significant challenges in applying perovskites in LIBs and solar-rechargeable batteries.
The environment and human health are both at risk from lead, a poisonous heavy metal. Lead-free perovskite materials are being developed, which w ould allay t hese worries. Lea d has been compared to a number of replacement materials, such as tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), and antimony (Sb). For perovskite solar cells to have the least negative
Oxygen and light: Prolonged exposure to air and light photons adversely degrades the longevity of the solar panel. Conversion energy loss is less in perovskite solar cells compared with other cells. Scalability and efficiency on large-area perovskite are comparatively small.