The ideal battery temperature for maximizing lifespan and usable capacity is between 15 °C to 35 °C. However, the temperature where the battery can provide most energy is around 45 °C. University research of a single cell shows the impact of temperature on available capacity of a battery in more detail.
Any battery running at an elevated temperature will exhibit loss of capacity faster than at room temperature. That’s why, as with extremely cold temperatures, chargers for lithium batteries cut off in the range of 115° F. In terms of discharge, lithium batteries perform well in elevated temperatures but at the cost of reduced longevity.
Lithium-ion with cobalt Lithium-ion batteries that contain cobalt — including NMC, LMO, NCA and LCO — require that the ambient temperature surrounding the batteries fall within a narrow window to protect the battery’s performance and warranty, with an upper limit of ~75℉.
However, the temperature where the battery can provide most energy is around 45 °C. University research of a single cell shows the impact of temperature on available capacity of a battery in more detail. The below data is for a single 18650 cell with 1,5 Ah capacity and a nominal voltage of 3,7V (lower cut-off 3,2V and upper cut-off 4,2V).
Understanding the impact of temperature on battery efficiency in electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for optimizing performance and maintaining the longevity of lithium-ion batteries. High temperatures can increase internal resistance, reduce the battery’s capacity, and shorten its lifespan.
High temperatures (above 60°C or 140°F) can speed up battery aging and pose safety risks. Extreme temperatures shorten battery lifespan and reduce efficiency. Controlled environments and thermal management systems help maintain safe battery temperatures.