The results show that harsh conditions, such as high temperature, low temperature, low pressure, and fast charging under vibration, significantly accelerate battery degradation and reduce the thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries in these application scenarios and working conditions.
The thermal stability of low-temperature aged batteries is lower than that of fresh batteries , with lithium plating on the anode surface identified as the fundamental cause of worsened thermal runaway performance post low-temperature cycling .
Challenges and limitations of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures are introduced. Feasible solutions for low-temperature kinetics have been introduced. Battery management of low-temperature lithium-ion batteries is discussed.
Some researchers have investigated the thermal stability of aged batteries under different abusive temperature conditions. Zhang et al. found significant similarities in the thermal safety evolution and degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature cycling and calendar aging.
Unlike the thermal runaway behavior changes observed in batteries aged under high temperatures—where aged batteries exhibit delayed thermal runaway compared to new batteries—those aged under low temperatures show worse thermal runaway behavior, with more severe temperature rises and mass loss .
However, when lithium-ion batteries are exposed to abusive temperatures (outside the appropriate temperature range), the aging process accelerates, causing a rapid decline in SOH. Existing studies indicate that batteries operating under different environmental temperatures and conditions exhibit varying aging pathways [73, 74].