A liquid or air cooling system must manage this elevated heat without compromising safety or performance. Fast charging also demands cooling systems capable of rapidly dissipating generated heat to prevent overheating, a factor that could undermine battery longevity and safety.
This need for direct cooling arises due to the significant heat generated by the high current flowing into the battery during fast charging. Effective battery cooling measures are employed to efficiently dissipate excess heat, thereby safeguarding both the charging rate and the battery from potential overheating issues.
Therefore, it is essential to keep the battery temperature between 15°C to 35°C. This paper reviews different types of cooling systems used in lithium-ion batteries, including air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change material (PCM), heat pipe, thermo-electric module, and direct refrigerant cooling system.
Active cooling can be further subdivided into several methods, including air cooling, liquid cooling, and nanofluid cooling systems. These various cooling techniques are essential for managing and regulating the temperature of batteries to ensure their optimal performance and safety. 3.1. Active battery thermal management
Effective battery cooling measures are employed to efficiently dissipate excess heat, thereby safeguarding both the charging rate and the battery from potential overheating issues. Furthermore, EV batteries may require heating mechanisms, primarily when exposed to extremely low temperatures or to enhance performance capabilities.
This paper reviews different types of cooling systems used in lithium-ion batteries, including air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change material (PCM), heat pipe, thermo-electric module, and direct refrigerant cooling system. Depending on the conditions and requirements, a single or a combination of these cooling methods may be used.