Our analysis implies an average of 240 neutrons of energy above 10 GeV reaching the Earth from the solar disk per squared meter and year, with the flux during a solar minimum a factor of 2 larger than during an active phase of the Sun.
In particular, EGRET (Orlando & Strong 2008) and Fermi-LAT (Abdo et al. 2011; see also Linden et al. 2018, 2022) have observed a sustained flux of gamma rays coming from the solar disk that extend up to 200 GeV.
We developed the SOLAR high-resolution extraterrestrial reference spectra (SOLAR-HRS disk-integrated spectra) by normalizing high-spectral-resolution solar line data to the absolute irradiance scale of the SOLAR-ISS reference spectrum.
The SOLAR-HRS disk-center spectrum is representative of a solar minimum. It is obtained from SOLAR-ISS, LDF from models, and SPTS data for the disk-center case ( = 1.0).
The disk-integrated solar spectrum has very important implications for atmospheric science. Its distribution of energy is crucial for the atmospheric photochemistry and photochemical processes that act in the Earth’s atmosphere, such as photo-absorption, photo-dissociation, and photo-ionization.
The solar disk is occulted with the position and size of the actual disk marked. In addition to the CME bubble, one can see the coronal streamers that are typical of solar maximum. The field of view is 6 R ⊙. Solar flares are a result of unstable magnetic conditions, usually associated with sunspots.