Various application domains are considered. Energy storage is one of the hot points of research in electrical power engineering as it is essential in power systems. It can improve power system stability, shorten energy generation environmental influence, enhance system efficiency, and also raise renewable energy source penetrations.
Also, the study confirmed that the proposed design could be utilized in low power applications, including sensors and monitoring systems. The main limitation of this technology is low thermal conductivity in the transition of the phase change process. 3.2.4. Mechanical energy storage
Studies [, , ] have shown the capabilities of low energy harvesting systems such as piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic, and triboelectric transducers in providing electrical power ranging from a few tens to hundreds of μW.
By reducing variations in the production of electricity, energy storage devices like batteries and SCs can offer a reliable and high-quality power source . By facilitating improved demand management and adjusting for fluctuations in frequency and voltage on the grid, they also contribute to lower energy costs.
For an uninterrupted power supply, energy storage and power management systems are needed to improve the efficiency of low energy harvesters and capture maximum power . The main challenge for wireless sensor networks, wearable technologies, and portable electronics are batteries.
This section examined the different energy storage types incorporated with low energy harvesting and power management systems for self-sustainable technology used in micro/small electronics including wireless sensor networks, cloud-based data transfer, wearable electronics, portable electronics, and LED lights.