Fig. 1: Reuse and recycling pathways considering economic and environmental functions. Our method encompasses the system boundaries of the lithium-ion battery life cycle, namely, cradle-to-grave, incorporating new battery production, first use, refurbishment, reuse, and end-of-life (EOL) stages.
The strategy is applied to various reuse scenarios with capacity configurations, including energy storage systems, communication base stations, and low-speed vehicles. Hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and direct recycling considering battery residual values are evaluated at the end-of-life stage.
The first use in EVs increases user costs to $157/kWh battery. Finally, the battery is retired at 90% SOH and recycled using hydrometallurgical recycling. In contrast, the optimized pathway diverges after the first use stage. The process includes refurbishment, reuse, and recycling.
Profits range from $11.01 to $22.99/kWh battery for direct recycling, while pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling yields range from −$8.59 to $2.41 and −$8.31.08 to $2.66/kWh battery, respectively. For LFP batteries, hydrometallurgical recycling is the most profitable, followed by direct and pyrometallurgical recycling.
We find that with the improvement of the power batteries technology, the residual rate of power bat teries is hig her than that of vehicles. However, whether or not to get subsidies has a consumers' purchase decision. 1. Introduction recent years. In 2009, China officially started the project of p romoting and demon strating 1,000 energy-
That’s because reuse and repurposing emits 90% less CO2e as compared to direct mining, and 40% less than recycling. Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (ESS) repurposed from EV batteries, have the potential to serve as the backbone of the clean energy transition to a renewable-powered future.