This pioneering battery exhibited higher energy density value up to 130 Wh kg −1 (gravimetric) and 280 Wh L −1 (volumetric). The Table 1 illustrates the energy densities of initial rechargeable LIBs introduced commercially, accompanied by the respective company names .
The rechargeable battery systems with lithium anodes offer the most promising theoretical energy density due to the relatively small elemental weight and the larger Gibbs free energy, such as Li–S (2654 Wh kg −1), Li–O 2 (5216.9 Wh kg −1), Li–V 2 O 5 (1532.6 Wh kg −1), Li–FeF 3 (1644 Wh kg −1), etc. Fig. 1. The superiority of lithium metal anode.
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) using lithium metal as the anode show great potential in improving energy density and power density than conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
In their initial stages, LIBs provided a substantial volumetric energy density of 200 Wh L −1, which was almost twice as high as the other concurrent systems of energy storage like Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) and Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries .
1. Introduction Among numerous forms of energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely accepted due to their high energy density, high power density, low self-discharge, long life and not having memory effect , .
A pressing need for high-capacity anode materials beyond graphite is evident, aiming to enhance the energy density of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). A Li-ion/Li metal hybrid anode holds remarkable potential for high energy density through additional Li plating, while benefiting from graphite's stable intercalation chemistry.