The Al–air battery has proven to be very attractive as an efficient and sustainable technology for energy storage and conversion with the capability to power large electronic devices and vehicles. This review has summarized recent developments of Al anode, air cathode, and electrolytes in Al–air batteries.
Batteries, as a leading flexible electrochemical energy storage device, have the potential to outline the transition from the current climate crisis scenario to a CO 2 -neutral and sustainable future.
Among these new energy storage systems, metal–air batteries have gained great interest due to their high energy density and capacity, low cost (depending on the metal anode), the negligible dependence of their capacity on operating load and temperature, and constant discharge voltage , , , , , .
Further research is also needed to meet the goals of a cruising range of more than 500 km, a charging time of less than half an hour, and a lifespan of more than 3000 cycles when using rechargeable batteries to power electric vehicles. 2.2. Iron-air batteries (FABs)
Owing to their attractive energy density of about 8.1 kW h kg−1and specific capacity of about 2.9 A h g−1, aluminum–air (Al air) batteries have become the focus of research. Al air batteries o er signicant
Metal-air batteries have a higher theoretical energy density than LIBs and are often marketed as a next-generation electrochemical energy storage solution. The review found that rechargeable metal-air batteries are attractive for EV applications, with ZAB and FAB being the best options because of their cost and eco-friendly nature.