In the ecological footprint, NMC batteries are more environmentally friendly for carbon dioxide and nuclear energy use, while LFP batteries are more environmentally friendly for land occupation. In the health footprint, there are significant differences in the footprint values of various types of batteries under various indicators.
Other technologies such as metal-air batteries, solid-state batteries and the use of silicon are all vying to try and increase capacity, and also safety, while reducing production costs. For household batteries, the future is rechargeable batteries rather than single use disposables. Even the EU thinks so.
China is the undisputed leader in battery manufacturing, dominating the global production of essential battery materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Chinese companies supply 80% of the world’s battery cells and control nearly 60% of the EV battery market. 13. Amperex Technology Limited (ATL) 12. Envision AESC 11. Gotion High-tech 10.
Among the three types of solid-state batteries, the ecological footprint of the negative electrode is higher than that of the positive electrode. In addition, among the five types of batteries, the contribution of carbon dioxide index to ecological footprint is higher than that of nuclear energy and land occupation. 4.3.2.
In the Fossil resource scale, LTO batteries have the highest impact value, far higher than solid-state batteries, while the rankings of solid-state batteries LLZO and Li-FeS 2 have both decreased. Fig.30. Comparison of Material Footprint Values of Various Batteries Unit:USD2013 (a) Mineral resource scarcity (b) Fossil resource scarcity.
One essential message stemming from the report is that the challenges of increasing the sustainability of lithium-ion batteries span their entire life cycle: from availability and processing of raw materials, to battery design and manufacturing, to device application and to end-of-life management.