Each battery is grid connected through a dedicated 630 kW inverter. The lead–acid batteries are both tubular types, one flooded with lead-plated expanded copper mesh negative grids and the other a VRLA battery with gelled electrolyte.
Lead acid battery - Model The important macroscopic effects in the lead-acid system are electric potential distribution and mass transport of the electrolyte 1, . The macroscopic equations are spatially discretized by the finite element method (FEM).
The kinetics at the electrode-electrolyte interface is described by the Butler-Volmer characteristic, this can reproduce the non linear behavior of the lead acid battery. But one reaction this is too simple to reproduce the complex behavior of a lead-acid battery like they are seen in EIS measurements of lead-acid batteries .
It can reproduce the basic behavior of a lead-acid battery. Even with literature parameter the behavior is similar (qualitatively and quantitatively) to real batteries. The model can be used to simulate the influence of material parameters on a macroscopic level (e.g. different electrode sizes, macro porosity).
Nevertheless, positive grid corrosion is probably still the most frequent, general cause of lead–acid battery failure, especially in prominent applications, such as for instance in automotive (SLI) batteries and in stand-by batteries. Pictures, as shown in Fig. 1 taken during post-mortem inspection, are familiar to every battery technician.
The technical challenges facing lead–acid batteries are a consequence of the complex interplay of electrochemical and chemical processes that occur at multiple length scales. Atomic-scale insight into the processes that are taking place at electrodes will provide the path toward increased efficiency, lifetime, and capacity of lead–acid batteries.